home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- ETHICS, Page 81Should Every Baby Be Saved?
-
-
- Physicians ponder when to start, and stop, treating preemies
-
- By DICK THOMPSON -- Reported by Tala Skari/Paris
-
-
- The unnamed baby boy, born three months prematurely at
- Children's Hospital in Washington, is one of thousands of 2-lb.
- problems facing medicine. For more than a month he has been
- kept alive inside a plastic incubator. Miniature sunglasses are
- taped over his eyes, IV lines are cut into his neck, and tubes
- have been jammed up his nose and down his throat. Although
- $2,000 a day is being spent to keep this child alive, he will
- be permanently handicapped if he ever leaves the hospital. But
- it is unlikely that this infant will go home. "This baby is the
- dilemma," says Dr. Maureen Edwards, director of newborn
- services at the hospital. "You've started treatment, and there's
- no place to stop, and you're not going to save the baby."
-
- There was a time when that child would almost certainly have
- died soon after birth. In recent years, however, scientists
- have learned to build and maintain artificial wombs to give
- extremely premature infants a fighting chance. The result is
- that their odds of surviving are increasing rapidly. Before
- 1975 only 6% of babies with birth weights under 2 lb. 3 oz.
- managed to live. By the first half of the 1980s, the last
- period for which national statistics are available, the
- survival rate for such children had jumped to 48%. Doctors say
- the odds have continued to improve.
-
- But the price, both financial and physical, can be
- devastating. In one study of care for the smallest preemies at
- Stanford University Hospital, the average cost was about
- $160,000. Nationally $2.6 billion is spent on neonatal
- intensive care each year, according to a recent report
- published in the American Journal of Diseases of Children.
- Despite the extraordinary measures taken, half the survivors
- face a lifetime of disabilities. Now ethicists are asking if
- it is time to consider limiting treatment to conserve
- health-care dollars and reduce suffering. Says Stanford
- ethicist Ernle Young, one of the A.J.D.C. authors: "To do
- cost-ineffective things, without being assured the results will
- be beneficial, will be increasingly seen as irresponsible."
-
- In the U.S. federal laws require doctors to begin treatment
- of all babies except those who would clearly not benefit. But
- no regulations guide a physician's decision to stop treatment.
- This has become a pressing issue because the very technology
- that can save infants often inflicts profound handicaps, such
- as blindness, cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders.
- Among the effects of erring on the side of life, say the
- authors: "We save some who would otherwise have died, we do
- immediate harm to and inflict long-term suffering on many who
- survive, and we expend an enormous amount of money on neonatal
- intensive care."
-
- Limiting treatment is already a common practice in Europe.
- In Sweden, if the outlook for a baby is uncertain or grim,
- doctors make no effort to save the infant, report the A.J.D.C.
- authors. In Britain treatment in most hospitals begins
- immediately on all viable newborns, but periodically the
- prospects are re-evaluated, and if severe brain damage or death
- seems likely, efforts are stopped. That decision is made after
- consulting with the infant's parents.
-
- In France only the medical team is believed capable of
- making the decision to start or stop treatment. Even the wishes
- of the parents would not necessarily overrule the physicians'
- judgment if severe brain damage was discovered. Says Dr. J.P.
- Relier, head of a French neonatal resuscitation unit: "I think
- our responsibility as doctors is not to give a family a
- handicapped child." Such an attitude is not likely to be
- embraced in the U.S., where it is widely felt that life has its
- own value, handicapped or not.
-
- Many premature births, and the agonizing decisions that
- follow, could be avoided if more expectant mothers received
- adequate prenatal care. In America care often becomes a matter
- of economics and social standing. While the upper and middle
- classes buy excellent treatment, poor pregnant women often fail
- to see doctors, even when the costs could be covered by
- Medicaid insurance. Adding to the problem is the drug epidemic.
- In some inner-city hospitals, 30% of the babies admitted to
- neonatal-intensive-care units are born to mothers who use crack
- or other drugs that induce prematurity.
-
- The unevenness of prenatal care has kept the rate of
- premature births in the U.S. stuck at 7%, despite growing
- knowledge of how to prevent such cases. Observes bioethicist
- Daniel Callahan, director of the Hastings Center in Briarcliff
- Manor, N.Y.: "This is craziness. Large amounts are being spent
- on rescue technology." These outlays would not be needed, he
- argues, if smaller amounts were spent on prenatal care. But
- expenditures on high technology, says Callahan, are attractive
- to Americans because the results are immediate and apparent,
- in this case the survival of otherwise doomed babies. The
- payoff on an investment in prenatal care is obvious only in the
- statistics.
-
- The ethical issues are becoming difficult to avoid. This
- month another group of researchers will report that specialized
- follow-up care for handicapped preemies can reduce the impact
- of their disabilities. Yet that care is certain to add more
- expense to the preemie bill and exacerbate an already vexing
- situation. It is cruel and irresponsible for society to ask a
- physician looking into a plastic incubator to decide a question
- of public health policy. But until the nation grapples with
- just that issue, doctors will be given the thankless task by
- default.
-
-
- ____________________________________________________________
- Chances of survival for babies weighing:
-
-
- Less than 1,000 gm 1,000 to 1,5000 gm
- (2 lbs. 3 oz.) (2 lbs. 3 oz. to 3
- lbs. 5 oz.)
-
- 1961-75 6% 48%
-
- 1981-85 48% 90%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-